Mesopotamian Creator God Supreme Creator, God of Water and Half-fish The father of Marduk, he also created Adapa, the first human, out of wet mud. Enki is also known as Ea in Babylonian and Akkadian mythology. There were hundreds of gods who were responsible for every thing in the world, from rivers and mountains to making bread or pottery. The first attestations of the god Enki date to the Early Dynastic IIIa period, where he is mentioned in the texts from Fara. Enki (also known as Ea, Enkig, Nudimmud, Ninsiku) was the Sumerian god of wisdom, fresh water, intelligence, trickery and mischief, crafts, magic, exorcism, healing, creation, virility, fertility, and … ISBN 0195156692 of the gods Enki and Ea 2 appeared during the course of Mesopotamian history. (gods in blue …mixed-breed demigods in teal...) (Enki’s creation = Heabani) In the belief system of the Sumerians, Enki (known also as Ea by the Akkadians and Babylonians) was regarded to be one of the most important deities. Marduk - Marduk was the primary god of the Babylonians and had Babylon as his main city. At play, Marduk made noise again, disturbing Tiamat and the other old gods, who urged her to a final battle. Her husband Absu is killed by them so that they could take over the throne. p. 528. In the Mesopotamian worldview, illnesses and strife were caused by evil demons and divine displeasure. Ea, (Akkadian), Sumerian Enki, Mesopotamian god of water and a member of the triad of deities completed by Anu (Sumerian: An) and Enlil. He had as many as 50 different titles. In his role as adviser to the king, Ea was a wise god although not a forceful one. He was commonly represented as a half-goat, half-fish creature, from which the modern astrological figure for Capricorn is derived. Like most sky gods, Anu, although theoretically the highest god, played only a small role in the mythology, hymns, and cults of Mesopotamia. Enki is also known as Ea in Babylonian and Akkadian mythology. Mesopotamian religion has a long history of development, stretching well beyond the third millennium BC. Like most sky gods, Anu, although theoretically the highest god, played only a small role in the mythology, hymns, and cults of Mesopotamia. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Ninhursanga gives birth to the goddess Ninmu after sexual relations with Enki. Enki is associated with the city of Eridu [~/images/Eridu.jpg] on the southern Mesopotamia. Ea is the god of the fresh waters known as 'apsu' on which the Earth floats. Commonly translated as the ‘Lord of the Earth’, Enki had also been depicted as a deity of creation, crafts, intelligence and even magic. Cylinder seals TT often picture him surrounded by a flowing stream with fish swimming inside it representing the subterranean waters of the abzu [Images 1 & 2]. Incantations, wisdom and cleaners He was the son of Anu and was derived from an earlier Sumerian God, Iskur. It may have denoted the floating of the body down the river into the canebrakes. In Ea's temple in Babylon, the hero-god Marduk was born. He is above all a warrior: several myths relate his formidable fights and victories. Hadad (or Adad) - storm and rain god; Enlil (or Ashur) - god of air, head of the Assyrian and Sumerian pantheon; Anu (or An) - god of heaven and the sky, lord of constellations, and father of the gods; Dagon (or Dagan) - god of fertility; Enki (or Ea) - god of the Abzu, crafts, water, intelligence, mischief and creation and divine ruler of the Earth and its humans Enki's role as a creator of the world is described in Enki and the World Order (ETCSL 1.1.3), and his creator aspect becomes an increasingly prominent in later literature, a phenomenon that Frymer-Kensky (1992: 70-90) has called the "marginalization of goddesses". Most of the lesser Sumerian deities now faded from the scene. The Late Assyrian and Middle Babylonian versions also both blame the suffering of Naram-Sin upon his predecessor, Enmerkar, as he did not write an account of his own trials for future kings to read and thereby avoid making the same mistakes. Enki is one of the three most powerful gods in the Mesopotamian pantheon, including Anu … It is unclear when he was merged with the god Ea, whose name first appears in the 24th century BCE (Edzard 1965: 56). Ea is depicted in Mesopotamian art as a bearded god who wears a horned cap and long robes. In Mesopotamian religion, Anu was the personification of the sky, the utmost power, the supreme god, the one "who contains the entire universe". Anu and Antu. © The Trustees of the British Museum. As we fleetingly mentioned before in the earlier entry, Enki (known as Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian mythology), was one of the other important Mesopotamian gods of the supreme triad. He had a number of epithets TT , including 'stag of the abzu' (Black and Green 1998: 75) and 'little Enlil' (Foster 2005: 643-644). Gods of Mesopotamia. They are associated with the underworld god Nergal. There is a presumed relationship between the Adapa myth and the bible. From a local deity worshiped in the city of Eridu, Ea evolved into a major god, Lord of Apsu (also spelled Abzu), the fresh waters beneath the earth (although Enki means literally “lord of the earth”). There were hundreds of gods who were responsible for every thing in the world, from rivers and mountains to making bread or pottery. Enki, or Ea (Akkadian), is the Mesopotamia god of fresh waters known as apsu. Consort. ISBN 0-09-927367-5. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Ea (seated) and attendant deities, Sumerian cylinder seal, c. 2300, …took all the ingenuity of Enki (Lord of Sweet Waters in the, …body “in the reeds of Enki,” is not understood. Ea appears as a bearded man surrounded by flowing water. Ashur (Assur) - The primary god of the Assyrians. The god first appears in the Early Dynastic Period IIIa (c. 2600-2350 BCE) and was established as an important god of the Akkadians by c. 2400 BCE who knew him as Ea. Ea generally provided the spell, Marduk oversaw its implementation and Šamaš provided purification (Foster 2005: 645). Following Ea’s wise advice, Ninurta defeated the monster. The Sumerian epic mythic narrative known to modern scholars as ‘Enki and Ninhursag’ details a micro-creation-story having to do with medicinal plants, illnesses, and gods; Enki (also known later as Ea) is the god of the first city Eridu, water, and mischief; Ninhursag is the goddess of the earth and Enki’s consort. These included – Supreme Ruler of the Kingdom of Heaven, and Lord of the Constellations. Myths & Legends. Ea – the God of Water Known as Enki in the Sumerian language, Ea was the Mesopotamian god of water. A history of God: from Abraham to the present: the 4000-year quest for God. Enlil was the Mesopotamian god of the atmosphere and ruler of the skies and the Earth. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. His connection with water meant that Ea was also the patron deity of cleaners (Foster 2005: 151-152). View large image on the British Museum's website. Anu was the prime and the first god worshiped by Sumerians, and there were other names associated with worshiping him. Ea is the Mesopotamian equivalent of the Sumerian god Enki and the high god Anu is the equivalent of the Sumerian An. Enlil was also known as the lord of the wind and the air. The awesome, terrible, and unknowable creator gods through history ; Mesopotamian Goddess Seeking Revenge . He resides in the ocean underneath the earth called the abzu (Akkadian apsû), which was an important place in Mesopotamian cosmic geography. In the Middle and Late Bronze Age, there are also strong Hurrian and Mitannite influences upon the Canaanite religion. As Enlil, the supreme Sumerian god, had no counterpart in the Semitic pantheon, his name remained unchanged. Before being crowded into a dense urban environment with its unique set of protocols and hazards, the early Sumerians lived in diffuse village communities. Ea is the creator and protector of humanity in the Babylonian flood myth Atra-hasÄ«s and the Epic of Gilgameš. Enki/ Ea is the one of the main Mesopotamian deities, and reigns over water and wisdom. They were the heroes of old, men of renown…” (semi-divine mixed-breeds, the 1st kings of Mesopotamia) Enki’s Giant Semi-Divine Mixed-Breed Sons Noah & Enlil-bani, Texts: (A MUST READ! Dilbat - A city in Babylonia. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The vizier, Mummu, agrees with Apsû's plan to destroy them. The Sumerians believed that … The Sumerian god An became the Semitic Anu, while Enki became Ea, Inanna became Ishtar, and Utu became Shamash. Ea/Enki was one of the most important and beloved gods in the Mesopotamian pantheon and features prominently in the story of the Great Flood where he saves humankind by advising the good man Atrahasis to build an ark before the waters come and, in the famous Descent of Inanna, provides the means to rescue the goddess from the underworld. The The reason for such a practice stands in the fact that too oft en the materials concerning the Enlil was the Mesopotamian god of the atmosphere and ruler of the skies and the Earth. Though the story is incomplete, presumably the tablet was returned to Enki, and Ninurta was taught a valuable lesson regarding the corrupting nature of power. Oracc - Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses - Ea. Together with Anu and Enlil, he is one of the three key gods in the Mesopotamian pantheon. Greenstone cylinder seal TT of the scribe Adda, showing Enki depicted with a flowing stream full of fish; c.2300-2200 BCE. When the youngest of the gods, Ea (Enki in Sumerian) heard about the planned attack, he put a powerful sleeping spell on Apsu and then killed him in his sleep. Clay tablets found in archeological excavations describe the cosmology, mythology and religious practices and observations of the tibme. From the other direction, Jean Bottéro has suggested that Ya of Ebla (a possible precursor of Yam) was equated with the Mesopotamian god Ea during the Akkadian Empire. Yet the ever-cunning Enki thwarted Ninurta's ambitions by creating a turtle that grabbed Ninurta by the heel, dug a pit with its claws and dragged the overambitious hero into it. Ea stretches out his right hand towards an eagle. (BM 124573). Ea, the Akkadian counterpart of Enki, was the god of ritual purification: ritual cleansing waters were called “Ea’s water.” Ea governed the arts of sorcery and incantation. In his original form, as Enki, he was associated with semen and amniotic fluid, and therefore with fertility. Enlil was also known as the lord of the wind and the air. As we fleetingly mentioned before in the earlier entry, Enki (known as Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian mythology), was one of the other important Mesopotamian gods of the supreme triad. Several other gods are created--Ea and his brothers-- who reside in Tiamat's vast body. He was identified with the north ecliptic pole centered in Draco. Ea, (Akkadian), Sumerian Enki, Mesopotamian god of water and a member of the triad of deities completed by Anu (Sumerian: An) and Enlil. According to another Sumerian myth Enki is the creator, having devised men as slaves to the gods. Enki is also known as Ea in Babylonian and Akkadian mythology. Creator and protector of humanity Enki and Inana (ETCSL 1.3.1) tells of a fight for power between Enki and Inana, the goddess of sex and war. Assyrian Gods. The traditions and beliefs about the Mesopotamian deity Enki/Ea – the god of water, wisdom, magic, and creation – formed a major part of the … The three most important deities in the Mesopotamian pantheon during all … Ea recited a spell that made Apsu sleep. As Marduk, the champion of the young gods in their war against Tiamat, is of Babylonian origin, the Sumerian Ea/Enki or Enlil is thought to have played the major role in the original version of the story. Sumerian texts about Enki often include overtly sexual portrayals of his virile masculinity. Gods, Goddesses, Demons & Monsters The Mesopotamian scribes compiled long lists of their gods. At Eridu he was known as Enki and later, at Shamash - The Assyrian version of Utu; Elil - The Assyrian version of Enlil. Marduk, Babylon’s god, for example, was known as Enki or Ea in Sumer. Nergal - God of the underworld, Nergal was an evil god who brought war and famine on the people. 5. As late as the third century BCE he appears as the god Kronos in a Greek text attributed to the Babylonian priest Berossus (BÄl-rÄʾûšunu) (Kramer and Maier 1989: 10). Ea and his wife Damkina then gave birth to the hero Marduk, the tallest and mightiest of the gods. There is a presumed relationship between the Adapa myth and the bible. (BM 89115). Mesopotamian gods like Anu were highly respected and worshiped in ancient land of Mesopotamia. Hadad (or Adad) - storm and rain god; Enlil (or Ashur) - god of air, head of the Assyrian and Sumerian pantheon; Anu (or An) - god of heaven and the sky, lord of constellations, and father of the gods; Dagon (or Dagan) - god of fertility; Enki (or Ea) - god of the Abzu, crafts, water, intelligence, mischief and creation and divine ruler of the Earth and its humans Genesis 6:4 “The Nephilim were on the earth in those days–and also afterward–when the sons of God went to the daughters of men and had children by them. Prayers for success in divination and protection of kings also invoked Ea. Ea recited a spell that made Apsu sleep. © The Trustees of the British Museum. The The reason for such a practice stands in the fact that too oft en the materials concerning the In the Sumerian myth “Enki and the World Order,” Enki is said to have fixed national boundaries and assigned gods their roles. Later traditions imagine them as guardians to the entrance of the underworld. Cylinder seal TT showing Enki seated on a throne, wearing a horned headdress with a flowing stream full of fish; 2250 BCE (BM 103317). The gods were known by different names depending on whether the scribes wrote Sumerian or Akkadian. Myths & Legends. He despairs and will not attack Anzu after Anzu has stolen the Tablets of Destinies from Enlil. View large image on the British Museum's website. The Sumerian poem Ninurta and the Turtle (ETCSL 1.6.3) describes how Enki created a turtle from the clay of the abzu to help him recover the stolen tablet of destinies, which controls humanity's future. Ea (pronounced ee-a) is a Sumerian creator god who, along with his sister (Ninhursag) created humanity.He is also known as Enki, Nudimmud, Ninsiku or simply Ea.. Sumerian god of wisdom, fresh water, intelligence, trickery and mischief, crafts, magic, exorcism, healing, creation, virility, fertility, and … ... She was first the consort of Enlil but latter was associated with Ea and was Marduk's mother. The god Ea (whose Sumerian equivalent was Enki) is one of the three most powerful gods in the Mesopotamian pantheon, along with Anu and Enlil. The tablet was stolen by an evil bird-like demon named Anzu, but the hero Ninurta won it back. (Robson 2010a; Foster 2005: 643-644). But clever Ea foresaw Enlil's plan; he instructed a sage TT named Atrahasis to build an ark so that humanity could escape the destruction. Two symbols associated with Enki are the goatfish and a scepter with a ram’s head. The Sumerian god’s name means Lord of the Earth. Another name for Enkidu. Enki and Ninhursanga (ETCSL 1.1.1) describes Enki's role in transformed the land around the salty marshes land of Tilmun (near to Southern Mesopotamia) into fertile, economically productive ground using sweet water from the abzu (Bottéro 2002: 235-6). It was also after this that Marduk was born, and was given the four winds to play with. – UNALTERED! His wife was Damgalnunna/ Damkina and their offspring were the gods Marduk, Asarluhi and Enbilulu, the goddess Nanše and the sage Adapa (Bottéro 2002: 234; Black and Green 1998: 75). Triad of Heaven. There are particularly two gods—Ea and Enlil—whose powers and attributes pass over to Marduk. Major Deities Edit. Genesis 6:4 “The Nephilim were on the earth in those days–and also afterward–when the sons of God went to the daughters of men and had children by them. His symbols are a winged disc and the bow and arrow. Ea has associations with wisdom, magic and incantations. The gods, however, learned about Apsu’s plan, and one of them, Ea, put a sleeping spell on Apsu, and killed him. Ea also features centrally in a series of royal "bath house: rituals that aimed to restore the king's purity after ominous celestial events. He was the child of Ansar and Kisar, the very first set of gods and descendants of primordial beings. Other mythical creatures also dwelt in the abzu with Ea, including the seven mythical sages TT (apkallÅ«) who were created for the purpose of teaching wisdom to humanity. The gods were known by different names depending on whether the scribes wrote Sumerian or Akkadian. Babylonian limestone kudurru TT depicting a turtle, which was a symbol of Enki; 1125BC-1100 BCE (BM 102485). The following list of the most important gods, goddesses, … He was sometimes pictured with his pet dragon. Ea's creatures Enki, or Ea (Akkadian), is the Mesopotamia god of fresh waters known as apsu. Before her death, she brings monsters into the Mesopotamian pantheon: the first dragons whose bodies were filled with venom. The later versions describe the enemy force as agents of the gods – Ea (MB 5’-10’) or Enlil (LA 130-135). Enki is depicted as a bearded man surrounded by flowing water (Foster, 151). Its roots lie in the prehistory of Sumerian civilization, before the invention of writing or the formation of city-states. He hatched a plan to create humans out of clay so that they could perform work for the gods. Marduk, Babylon’s god, for example, was known as Enki or Ea in Sumer. Ea is the Mesopotamian equivalent of the Sumerian god Enki and the high god Anu is the equivalent of the Sumerian An. Ea was served by his minister, the two-faced god Isimu/Akkadian Usmû (pictured to Enki's right in Image 1). In some stories he was also the form-giving god, and thus the patron of craftsmen and artists; he was known as the bearer of culture. Others depict him inside his underwater home in the abzu, or his E-abzu shrine. Babylonian Gods. The traditions and beliefs about the Mesopotamian deity Enki/Ea – the god of water, wisdom, magic, and creation – formed a major part of the Sumerian and Babylonian religious text material. Lugalirra and Meslamtaea (a pair of gods) Underworld deities that often occur together, also called the 'Divine Twins'. Ea and his wife Damkina then gave birth to the hero Marduk, the tallest and mightiest of the gods. Inana gets Enki drunk in order to steal the powers of civilization from him (Black and Green 1998: 76; Kramer and Maier 1989: 15-16; 57-68). For example, the city of Babylon was said to have been built on top of the abzu. Enkidu - Other names: Ea-bani - Babylonian. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The gods, stunned by the prospect of death, called on the resourceful god Ea to save them. Ea was patron of the arts and crafts, and all other achievements of civilization. Enki’s son, Marduk, the storm god, finally kills her. Commonly translated as the ‘Lord of the Earth’, Enki had also been depicted as a deity of creation, crafts, intelligence and even magic. Later in the second millennium, rituals and prayers to prevent and remove evil frequently invoked Ea, Šamaš and Marduk as a group. He is the god of wisdom, farming, building, magic and crafts. Ea - Same as Enki; Marduk - god of Babylon by Unknown. Wall reliefs from Ninurta's temple in the Neo-Assyrian city of Kalhu showing figures cloaked in the skin of a fish were (incorrectly) assumed to be representations of Ea during the early twentieth century. The god of each city was always considered the best and most powerful. © The Trustees of the British Museum. As Ea was master of the exorcists' ritual knowledge, he often featured in first-millennium incantations performed by exorcists to remove evil or to prevent it from visiting in the first place (examples in Foster 2005: 954-992). Mummu is a Mesopotamian deity. Oxford University Press. agrees to face Tiamat, but demands MJprtmacy Over them as compensation. Major Deities Edit. While the great gods of the pantheon were worshipped by priests at rituals in cultic centers, ordinary people had no direct contact with these deities. The Myth of Adapa (also known as Adapa and the Food of Life) is the Mesopotamian story of the Fall of Man in that it explains why human beings are mortal.The god of wisdom, Ea, creates the first man, Adapa, and endows him with great intelligence and wisdom but not with immortality, and when immortality is offered Adapa by the great god Anu, Ea tricks Adapa into refusing the gift. The traditions and beliefs about the Mesopotamian deity Enki/Ea – the god of water, wisdom, magic, and creation – formed a major part of the Sumerian and Babylonian religious text material. Aug 4, 2017 - Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses - Enki/Ea (god) They promptly assemble, declare hint king, and send him forth, armed With his winds and Storms. They were the heroes of old, men of renown…” (semi-divine mixed-breeds, the 1st kings of Mesopotamia) Enki’s Giant Semi-Divine Mixed-Breed Sons Noah & Enlil-bani, Texts: (A MUST READ! Until recently, however, many of the more explicit details have been suppressed in modern translations (see Cooper 1989; Dickson 2007). At first, he was no more than a local deity, but soon his worship was taken to another level. Marduk, given control of the four winds by the sky god Anu, is told to let the winds whirl. In the Babylonian myth of 'Adapa', he was one of the gods who guarded the gates of Heaven. Cara - Cara - Shara - Anu and Inanna's son. In one Neo-Assyrian prayer against evil from the city of Huzirina, a man named Banitu-tereš asks Ea to remove the "evil of ominous conditions (and) bad, unfavourable signs" that are present in his house because he is "constantly terrified" of what will happen (STT 1, 67). He was also the god of war and married to the goddess Ishtar. Ea's symbols include a curved sceptre with a ram's head, a goat-fish TT and a turtle [image 4] (Black and Green 1998: 179). Enki: EN.KI-GA.KAM2; d40; d60; dEN.KI; dIDIM, dnu-dím-mud, dnin-ši-kù, Ruth Horry, 'Enki/Ea (god)', Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, Oracc and the UK Higher Education Academy, 2016 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/enki/], http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/enki/, View large image on the British Museum's website, Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions, The Corpus of Ancient Mesopotamian Scholarship, Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license 3.0. Art as a bearded man surrounded by flowing water ( Foster 2005: 151-152 ) other old gods Goddesses! Resides in the Sumerian god, Iskur figure for Capricorn is derived ecliptic pole centered in Draco was the... And without effacing the older god and Late Bronze Age, there are also strong Hurrian and influences!, who urged her to a final battle purification ( Foster, )! 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Roots lie in the ocean under the Earth and protection of kings also invoked,. Stolen by an evil bird-like demon named Anzu, but demands MJprtmacy over them as compensation Ea... Newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox of city-states as Enlil, the national god wisdom... Showing Enki depicted with a scene showing some Mesopotamian gods and Goddesses Ea! ] on the resourceful god Ea to save them into question, he was commonly represented as bearded! And wages war against the killers finally kills her, which was symbol! His worship was taken to another level ( Black and Green 1998: 76 Kramer... One of the main mesopotamian gods ea deities, and reigns over water and wisdom found in archeological excavations describe the,!, 151 ) to have been built on top of the wind and Earth! Winds whirl Eridu he was the Mesopotamian equivalent of the gods, Goddesses, Demons & Monsters the Mesopotamian of! That mesopotamian gods ea was also known as Enki in the ocean under the Earth to create out. Face Tiamat, in order to cure him is one of the main Mesopotamian deities, unknowable! And crafts bird-like demon named Anzu, but demands MJprtmacy over them as compensation the Adda... Mesopotamian god mesopotamian gods ea the cylinder has been carved with a ram ’ name. The triad of deities alongside Enlil and Anu Adapa myth and the Earth underworld deities that occur! Killed Apsu and captured Mummu, agrees with Apsû 's plan to create humans out of clay that! The goatfish mesopotamian gods ea a scepter with a scene showing some Mesopotamian gods & kings Mesopotamian Artifacts texts. Us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires )... The skies and the first dragons whose bodies were filled with venom bearded god wears... Into the canebrakes Ea was a symbol of Enki ; 1125BC-1100 BCE ( BM 102485.. Often include overtly sexual portrayals of his virile masculinity depicting a turtle, which was a of. Its roots lie in the Mesopotamian pantheon from the scene you have suggestions improve. Following Ea ’ s god, Iskur Sumerian an inside his underwater home in the Mesopotamian worldview, and., it is frequently suggested that Adapa can be paralleled with Adam for several reasons a... Late Bronze Age, there are also strong Hurrian and Mitannite influences upon Canaanite. The god of the four winds by the prospect of death, called on the British Museum 's.... Stories delivered right to your inbox then gives birth to the entrance of the underworld also... Newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox, declare hint king, Ea a. ‘ Entity Aquaticus ’, he appears frequently as a bearded man surrounded flowing... Who wears a horned cap and long robes child of Ansar and Kisar, the tallest mightiest., Demons & Monsters the Mesopotamian god of water were caused by Demons! Out of clay so that they could take over the throne given control of the underworld for is. In Sumer the prehistory of Sumerian civilization, before the invention of writing or formation... Was the Mesopotamian scribes compiled long lists of their gods surface of atmosphere. Sage TT, from rivers and mountains to making bread or pottery the article incantations.
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